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Problems caused by bad TCP/IP configurations are much more common than problems caused by bad TCP/IP protocol implementations. Most of the problems you encounter will succumb to analysis using the simple tools we have already discussed. But on occasion, you may need to analyze the protocol interaction between two systems. In the worst case, you may need to analyze the packets in the data stream bit by bit. Protocol analyzers help you do this.
snoop is the tool we'll use. It is provided with the Solaris operating system.[154] Although we use snoop in all of our examples, the concepts introduced in this section should be applicable to the analyzer that you use, since most protocol analyzers function in basically the same way. Protocol analyzers allow you to select, or filter, the packets you want to examine, and to examine those packets byte by byte. We'll discuss both of these functions.
[154]If you use Linux, try tcpdump. It is similar to snoop.
Protocol analyzers watch all the packets on the network. Therefore, you only need one system that runs analyzer software on the affected part of the network. One Solaris system with snoop can monitor the network traffic and tell you what the other hosts are (or aren't) doing. This, of course, assumes a shared media network. If you use an Ethernet switch, only the traffic on an individual segment can be seen. Some switches provide a monitor port. For others you may need to take your monitor to the location of the problem.
snoop reads all the packets on an Ethernet. It does this by placing the Ethernet interface into promiscuous mode.[155] Normally, an Ethernet interface only passes packets that are destined for the local host up to the higher layer protocols. In promiscuous mode, all packets are accepted and passed to the higher layer. This allows snoop to view all packets and to select packets for analysis, based on a filter you define. Filters can be defined to capture packets from, or to, specific hosts, protocols, ports, or combinations of all these. As an example, let's look at a very simple snoop filter. The following snoop command displays all packets sent between the hosts crab and rodent:
[155]This works only if the interface supports promiscuous mode; not all interfaces do.
# snoop host crab and host rodent Using device /dev/le (promiscuous mode) rodent.wrotethebook.com -> crab.wrotethebook.com ICMP Echo request crab.wrotethebook.com -> rodent.wrotethebook.com ICMP Echo reply rodent.wrotethebook.com -> crab.wrotethebook.com RLOGIN C port=1023 crab.wrotethebook.com -> rodent.wrotethebook.com RLOGIN R port=1023 ^C
The filter "host crab and host rodent" selects only those packets that are from rodent to crab, or from crab to rodent. The filter is constructed from a set of primitives, and associated hostnames, protocol names, and port numbers. The primitives can be modified and combined with the operators and, or, and not. The filter may be omitted; this causes snoop to display all packets from the network.
Table 13-2 shows the primitives used to build snoop filters. There are a few additional primitives and some variations that perform the same functions, but these are the essential primitives. See the snoop manpage for additional details.
|
Primitive |
Matches packets |
|---|---|
|
dst host | net | port destination |
To destination host, net, or port |
|
src host | net | port source |
From source host, net, or port |
|
host destination |
To or from destination host |
|
net destination |
To or from destination network |
|
port destination |
To or from destination port |
|
ether address |
To or from Ethernet address |
|
protocol |
Of protocol type (icmp, udp, or tcp) |
Using these primitives with the operators and and or, complex filters can be constructed. However, filters are usually simple. Capturing the traffic between two hosts is probably the most common filter. You may further limit the data captured to a specific protocol, but often you're not sure which protocol will reveal the problem. Just because the user sees the problem in ftp or telnet does not mean that is where the problem actually occurs. Analysis must often start by capturing all packets, and can only be narrowed after test evidence points to some specific problem.
The example in the previous section shows that snoop displays a single line of summary information for each packet received. All lines show the source and destination addresses, and the protocol being used (ICMP and RLOGIN in the example). The lines that summarize the ICMP packets identify the packet types (Echo request and Echo reply in the example). The lines that summarize the application protocol packets display the source port and the first 20 characters of the packet data.
This summary information is sufficient to gain insight into how packets flow between two hosts and into potential problems. However, troubleshooting protocol problems requires more detailed information about each packet. snoop has options that give you control over what information is displayed. To display the data contained in a packet, use the -x option. It causes the entire contents of the packet to be dumped in hex and ASCII. In most cases, you don't need to see the entire packet; usually, the headers are sufficient to troubleshoot a protocol problem. The -v option displays the headers in a well-formatted and very detailed manner. Because of the large number of lines displayed for each packet, use -v only when you need it.
The following example shows an ICMP Echo Request packet displayed with the -v option. The same type of packet was summarized in the first line of the previous example.
# snoop -v host crab and host minasi Using device /dev/le (promiscuous mode) ETHER: ----- Ether Header ----- ETHER: ETHER: Packet 3 arrived at 16:56:57.90 ETHER: Packet size = 98 bytes ETHER: Destination = 8:0:20:22:fd:51, Sun ETHER: Source = 0:0:c0:9a:d0:db, Western Digital ETHER: Ethertype = 0800 (IP) ETHER: IP: ----- IP Header ----- IP: IP: Version = 4 IP: Header length = 20 bytes IP: Type of service = 0x00 IP: xxx. .... = 0 (precedence) IP: ...0 .... = normal delay IP: .... 0... = normal throughput IP: .... .0.. = normal reliability IP: Total length = 84 bytes IP: Identification = 3049 IP: Flags = 0x0 IP: .0.. .... = may fragment IP: ..0. .... = last fragment IP: Fragment offset = 0 bytes IP: Time to live = 64 seconds/hops IP: Protocol = 1 (ICMP) IP: Header checksum = fde0 IP: Source address = 172.16.55.106, minasi.wrotethebook.com IP: Destination address = 172.16.12.1, crab.wrotethebook.com IP: No options IP: ICMP: ----- ICMP Header ----- ICMP: ICMP: Type = 8 (Echo request) ICMP: Code = 0 ICMP: Checksum = ac54 ICMP:
The detailed formatting done by snoop maps the bytes received from the network to the header structure. Look at the description of the various header fields in Chapter 1, " Overview of TCP/IP" and Appendix G, "RFC Excerpts" for more information.
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| 13.6. Checking Name Service |  | 13.8. Protocol Case Study |
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