Red Hat Linux uses a user private group (UPG) scheme, which makes UNIX groups easier to manage.
A UPG is created whenever a new user is added to the system. A UPG has the same name as the user for which it was created and that user is the only member of the UPG.
UPGs makes it is safe to set default permissions for a newly created file or directory which allow both the user and that user's group to make modifications to the file or directory.
The setting which determines what permissions are applied to a newly created file or directory is called a umask and is configured in the /etc/bashrc file. Traditionally, on UNIX systems the umask is set to 022, which allows only the user who created the file or directory to make modifications. Under this scheme, all other users, including members of the creator's group are not allowed to make any modifications. However, under the UPG scheme, this "group protection" is not necessary since every user has their own private group.
Many IT organizations like to create a group for each major project and then assign people to the group if they need to access that project's files. Using this traditional scheme, managing files has been difficult because when someone creates a file, it is associated with the primary group to which they belong. When a single person works on multiple projects, it is difficult to associate the right files with the right group. Using the UPG scheme, however, groups are automatically assigned to files created within a directory with the setgid bit set, which makes managing group projects that share a common directory very simple.
Lets say, for example, that a group of people work on files in the /usr/lib/emacs/site-lisp/ directory. Some people are trusted to modify the directory but certainly not everyone. So first create an emacs group, as in the following command:
/usr/sbin/groupadd emacs |
In order to associate the contents of the directory with the emacs group, type:
chown -R root.emacs /usr/lib/emacs/site-lisp |
Now, it is possible to add the proper users to the group with the gpasswd command:
/usr/bin/gpasswd -a <username> emacs |
Allow the users to actually create files in the directory with the following command:
chmod 775 /usr/lib/emacs/site-lisp |
When a user creates a new file, it is assigned the group of the user's default private group. Next, set the setgid bit, which assigns everything created in the directory the same group permission as the directory itself (emacs). Use the following command:
chmod 2775 /usr/lib/emacs/site-lisp |
At this point, because each user's default umask is 002, all members of the emacs group can create and edit files in the /usr/lib/emacs/site-lisp/ directory without the administrator having to change file permissions every time users write new files.